Investigating the Role of Extracellular Matrix Stiffness in Modulating the Ferroptosis Process in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness modulates a variety of cellular processes, including ferroptosis, a process with significant potential implications for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, the exact relationship between ECM stiffness and HCC ferroptosis is yet unclarified, partially due to the lack of in situ information on key parameters of the ferroptosis process of living HCC cells. This study pioneers the use of in vitro mechanical microenvironment models of HCC and the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique for understanding this interplay. We first cultured HuH7 cells on 4.0, 18.0, and 44.0 kPa polyacrylamide (PA) gels to simulate early, intermediate, and advanced HCC ECM stiffness, respectively. Then, we used SECM to in situ monitor changes in cell membrane permeability, respiratory activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of erastin-induced HuH7 cells on PA gels, finding that increasing ECM stiffness potentiates ferroptosis, including increased membrane permeabilization and H2O2 release as well as reduced respiratory activity. Through further transcriptome sequencing and molecular biology measurements, we identified a critical role for focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mediated yes-associated protein (YAP) in regulating the ferroptosis process dependent on ECM stiffness, which provides novel insights into the mechanical regulation of ferroptosis in HCC cells and may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies.