The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2026
Colostrum is enough, the pacifier is not the enemy, and the pump can wait: a narrative review of common misconceptions affecting early breastfeeding in healthy term neonates.
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Di Chiara Maria, Terrin Gianluca
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Despite strong evidence supporting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life, global and national rates remain suboptimal. In the critical first 48-72 hours after birth, several widespread clinical practices and beliefs, unsupported by current evidence, may inadvertently undermine breastfeeding initiation and continuation in healthy term neonates.
OBJECTIVE: To critically examine the available evidence on three clinical practices that may compromise early breastfeeding establishment in healthy term neonates: the perception that colostrum volumes are insufficient for the newborn's needs, the routine restriction of pacifier use, and the early introduction of electric breast pumps as a substitute for direct breastfeeding or hand expression.
METHODS: Narrative review of evidence from randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational cohort studies, addressing three evidence-practice gaps relevant to the first 48-72 hours postpartum: (1) the physiology of colostrum production and the mismatch between normal volumes and maternal/professional expectations; (2) the effect of pacifier use on breastfeeding outcomes in term infants; and (3) the impact of breast pump use in the first days of life on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity.
RESULTS: Colostrum volumes (2-10 mL per feed, 30-60 mL/day in the first 72 hours) are physiologically matched to neonatal gastric capacity and metabolic needs; perceived insufficient milk supply is overwhelmingly driven by unrealistic expectations rather than true lactation failure. Randomised evidence shows that small-volume, structured formula supplementation does not compromise breastfeeding duration, and that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding term infants does not reduce breastfeeding rates. Routine introduction of electric breast pumps in the first days of life is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration; hand expression yields greater colostrum volumes and is associated with higher breastfeeding rates at two months than electric pumping.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based counselling on colostrum sufficiency, individualised pacifier counselling, and prioritisation of hand expression over routine electric pump use in the first 48-72 hours could meaningfully improve breastfeeding outcomes in healthy term neonates. Future research should prioritise pragmatic cluster-randomised trials evaluating bundled interventions in routine maternity care settings.
OBJECTIVE: To critically examine the available evidence on three clinical practices that may compromise early breastfeeding establishment in healthy term neonates: the perception that colostrum volumes are insufficient for the newborn's needs, the routine restriction of pacifier use, and the early introduction of electric breast pumps as a substitute for direct breastfeeding or hand expression.
METHODS: Narrative review of evidence from randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational cohort studies, addressing three evidence-practice gaps relevant to the first 48-72 hours postpartum: (1) the physiology of colostrum production and the mismatch between normal volumes and maternal/professional expectations; (2) the effect of pacifier use on breastfeeding outcomes in term infants; and (3) the impact of breast pump use in the first days of life on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity.
RESULTS: Colostrum volumes (2-10 mL per feed, 30-60 mL/day in the first 72 hours) are physiologically matched to neonatal gastric capacity and metabolic needs; perceived insufficient milk supply is overwhelmingly driven by unrealistic expectations rather than true lactation failure. Randomised evidence shows that small-volume, structured formula supplementation does not compromise breastfeeding duration, and that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding term infants does not reduce breastfeeding rates. Routine introduction of electric breast pumps in the first days of life is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration; hand expression yields greater colostrum volumes and is associated with higher breastfeeding rates at two months than electric pumping.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based counselling on colostrum sufficiency, individualised pacifier counselling, and prioritisation of hand expression over routine electric pump use in the first 48-72 hours could meaningfully improve breastfeeding outcomes in healthy term neonates. Future research should prioritise pragmatic cluster-randomised trials evaluating bundled interventions in routine maternity care settings.