Near-Infrared Illumination of Native Tissues for Image-Guided Surgery.

Our initial efforts to prepare tissue-specific near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent compounds generated successful correlation between physicochemical properties and global uptake in major organs after systemic circulation and biodistribution. Herein, we focus on the effects on biodistribution based on modulating electronic influencing moieties from donating to withdrawing moieties at both the heterocyclic site and through meso-substitution of pentamethine cyanine fluorophores. These selected modifications harnessed innate biodistribution pathways through the structure-inherent targeting, resulting in effective imaging of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, lymph nodes, pancreas, and thyroid and salivary glands. These native-tissue contrast agents will arm surgeons with a powerful and versatile arsenal for intraoperative NIR imaging in real time.