LC3-associated phagocytosis is impaired in monocyte-derived macrophages from systemic sclerosis patients.

IMPORTANCE

Facial flap procedures may be difficult for surgical trainees to conceptualize and challenging for supervising surgeons to allow entrustment early in training. Simulation outside of the operating room may accelerate and enhance the surgical education experience.

OBJECTIVE

To design and manufacture a 3-dimensional (3-D)-printed, multilayer, anatomically accurate facial flap model for use in surgical education.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND

PARTICIPANTS

In this multicenter validation study, a 3-D-printed facial flap simulator was designed from a computed tomographic (CT) scan and manufactured for low-cost, high-fidelity simulation. Expert otolaryngology-head and neck surgeon feedback was acquired through surgical rehearsal and performance of 8 local facial flap procedures on the facial flap simulator by 7 otolaryngologists fellowship trained in facial plastic surgery.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Likert scale surveys were made based on evaluation criteria categorized into domains of realism, experience, and applicability of the simulator. Measures of central tendency, variability, and confidence intervals were generated to evaluate the outcomes.

RESULTS

Seven expert otolaryngology-head and neck surgeons completed a Likert scale evaluation survey containing quantitative analysis of 6 questions on physical attributes, 12 questions on realism, 8 questions on experience, and 4 questions on the applicability of the simulator. All expert surgeons were additionally fellowship trained in facial plastic surgery with their mean years in practice being 11.9. Overall evaluation demonstrated valuable ability of the simulator for medical education with suggestions for future directions. Importantly, the simulator was rated on a scale of 1 (no value) to 4 (great value) as 3.86 as a training tool, 3.57 as a competency evaluation tool, and 3.43 as a rehearsal tool.

CONCLUSIONS AND REVELANCE: Expert experience with the local facial flap simulator was rated highly for realism, experience, performance, and usefulness. With slight refinement, the model has strong potential for broad use in training in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and facial plastic surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA.