EgG1Y162 protein from Echinococcus granulosus modulates the immune functions of mouse splenic lymphocytes and regulates Th9 cells.

Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection can induce mechanical compression and a resultant inflammatory reaction within the liver tissue. EgG1Y162 shows promise as an E. granulosus vaccine candidate, though its immunogenic mechanism requires further elucidation. This study delineated the transcriptional and post - translational regulation of core Th9 pathway components mediated by EgG1Y162. The results showed that when the EgG1Y162 protein interacted with mouse spleen lymphocytes, it significantly enhanced their activity and inhibited apoptosis. Our study indicates that the EgG1Y162 protein elevates the mRNA and protein expression of IL-9, IL-4, NF-κB p65, TGF-beta 1, PU.1, and Smad3. It can also specifically recognize antibodies in the serum of E. granulosus - infected patients and sheep. These findings suggest that EgG1Y162 protein plays a role in immune response by promoting Th9 differentiation. Additionally, the IL-9 induced by EgG1Y162 might enhance the host's immune defense against E. granulosus infection. This research provides valuable theoretical support for understanding the immune regulatory mechanisms of the EgG1Y162 protein and aids in the development of related vaccines.