Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Characterization of Spent Coffee Grounds' Polyphenol Fraction and Its Potential as a Low-Cost Tool for Bioactivity-Guided Nephroprotective Modulation of Gut-Kidney Axis and NF-κB/Nrf2/TGF-β Signaling in Hypertension-Associated Kidney Injury.
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Nurkolis Fahrul, Harbuwono Dante Saksono, Wardhani Yulia, Hadinata Edwin, Rohmah Siti Nur, Puspitasari Metalia, De Luca Lucia, Romano Raffaele, Kuswadi Danny Pratama, Tjandrawinata Raymond Rubianto, Ginanjar Eka, Nugroho Pringgodigdo, Santini Antonello
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Hypertension-associated kidney injury is driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and gut-derived uremic toxins via the gut-kidney axis. Spent coffee grounds (SCG) represent a sustainable source of bioactive polyphenols with potential nephroprotective effects. This study aimed to characterize a bioactivity-guided SCG polyphenol fraction and evaluate its therapeutic potential.
METHODS: Bioactivity-guided fractionation was performed to enrich active polyphenols, followed by in silico target prediction and in vivo validation using L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats treated for 8 weeks. Renal function, oxidative stress, inflammatory and fibrotic markers, gut-derived metabolites, and endothelial function were assessed.
RESULTS: The enriched fraction was dominated by chlorogenic acid derivatives and showed predicted interactions with NF-κB, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β receptor, ACE, and AT1 receptor. In hypertensive rats, treatment significantly lowered blood pressure, improved renal function, reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and gut-derived uremic toxins, while restoring Nrf2 activity, short-chain fatty acid production, and endothelial function. Across multiple biological endpoints, the polyphenol-enriched fraction consistently demonstrated greater efficacy than the crude extract.
CONCLUSIONS: SCG polyphenol fraction shows strong nephroprotective potential via gut-kidney axis modulation and NF-κB/Nrf2/TGF-β regulation, supporting its development as a low-cost therapeutic candidate.
METHODS: Bioactivity-guided fractionation was performed to enrich active polyphenols, followed by in silico target prediction and in vivo validation using L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats treated for 8 weeks. Renal function, oxidative stress, inflammatory and fibrotic markers, gut-derived metabolites, and endothelial function were assessed.
RESULTS: The enriched fraction was dominated by chlorogenic acid derivatives and showed predicted interactions with NF-κB, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β receptor, ACE, and AT1 receptor. In hypertensive rats, treatment significantly lowered blood pressure, improved renal function, reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and gut-derived uremic toxins, while restoring Nrf2 activity, short-chain fatty acid production, and endothelial function. Across multiple biological endpoints, the polyphenol-enriched fraction consistently demonstrated greater efficacy than the crude extract.
CONCLUSIONS: SCG polyphenol fraction shows strong nephroprotective potential via gut-kidney axis modulation and NF-κB/Nrf2/TGF-β regulation, supporting its development as a low-cost therapeutic candidate.