Functions of Estrogen and Estrogen-Related Receptors in Diseases of the Female Reproductive System.

Diseases of the female reproductive system are prevalent. These conditions often have a high proportion of asymptomatic patients and prolonged treatment durations. Estrogen, a crucial steroid hormone, plays a central role in most diseases of the female reproductive system. It is essential for promoting the development of reproductive organs and follicular growth, maintaining regular menstrual cycles, and supporting pregnancy. The expression levels of estrogen-related receptors and circulating estrogen are closely linked to various female reproductive disorders. However, most diseases of the female reproductive system lack specific therapeutic drugs, and estrogen therapy is still primarily used as monotherapy. The clinical application of hormone-targeted therapies remains immature. In light of these challenges, this review focuses on the effects of estrogen and estrogen-related receptors on common diseases of the female reproductive system. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanisms of four common gynecological disorders: endometriosis (EMS), abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). This study aims to identify novel target receptors and provide insights for estrogen-based therapies in the treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.