Metabolic Myopathies and HyperCKemia in Adulthood: A Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and Management.

BACKGROUND

HyperCKemia, defined as elevated serum creatine kinase, commonly reflects muscle injury but may also indicate underlying metabolic disease. Metabolic aetiologies, including glycogen storage disorders, fatty acid oxidation defects, mitochondrial cytopathies, and purine metabolism disorders, are clinically important owing to diagnostic complexity, therapeutic implications, and potential reversibility.

OBJECTIVE

To summarise current evidence on metabolic causes of hyperCKemia in adults, with emphasis on disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, and purine metabolism and mitochondrial disease.

METHODS

Semi-systematic narrative review of pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and management of metabolic disorders associated with hyperCKemia.

RESULTS

Metabolic myopathies often present with nonspecific or exercise-related symptoms, with creatine kinase levels ranging from mild-to-severe elevations. Conditions such as McArdle disease, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, and mitochondrial cytopathies demonstrate characteristic metabolic vulnerabilities leading to episodic or persistent hyperCKemia. Medications, including statins and antiretrovirals, may precipitate symptoms in predisposed individuals. Diagnosis requires a structured, multidisciplinary approach incorporating biochemical testing, genetic analysis, functional studies, and muscle biopsy. Many causes are amenable to targeted therapy, including dietary modification, endocrine correction, and medication withdrawal.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic causes of hyperCKemia are under-recognised but clinically significant. Early identification allows targeted treatment and prevention of complications.