Advances in Research on Panax Ginseng-Derived EV-like Particles.

Panax ginseng-derived EV-like particles (PG-EVLPs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles extracted from ginseng roots, stems, leaves, or cell cultures, with diameters typically between 50 and 200 nm. Available preclinical studies have demonstrated that PG-EVLPs exhibit favorable in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and short-term safety, without obvious hemolysis, cytotoxicity or organ damage, making them an active area of research at the intersection of traditional Chinese medicine and nanomedicine. This review covers separation and purification methods, physicochemical characterization techniques, bioactive component composition, and pharmacological mechanisms of PG-EVLPs. It also evaluates several delivery strategies, including natural nanocarrier delivery, engineering modification, and hydrogel composite systems, and discusses current challenges in standardization, safety assessment, and clinical translation.