(Pre)malignancies of the female anogenital tract in renal transplant recipients.

This mini review describes human papillomavirus-related (pre)malignancies of the lower anogenital tract, for which female renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have a markedly increased risk. Until now, the implementation of intensified cervical cancer screening in RTRs is disappointing. We emphasize the need for improvement of cervical screening programs, combined with close inspection of the vulva and perianal area for potential lethal malignancies in RTRs.