Design and construction of small sized pencil probe to measure bio-impedance.

Currently, bio-impedance measurements are performed with relatively large probes which are not suitable for all in vivo studies. These are typically designed and constructed for different uses, such as for cervical and oesophagus tissues and are too large for many investigations, including those involving the bladder. Therefore, it was decided to design and construct a small sized pencil probe, using a microscope to solder very small wires to a tiny tip (about 2mm in diameter). In addition, different approaches were used to construct, treat, and perform the safety tests and calibration procedure on the probe before taking impedance measurements of the urinary bladder.