Diagnosis and Staging Lung Cancer with Modern Tools.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with increased incidental nodules and a higher incidence in young female individuals. Effective screening and evaluation are vital for early lung cancer detection, while advancing imaging with radiomics and PET/computed tomography help assess the risk of malignancy. Nonsurgical diagnostic procedures include bronchoscopic and image-guided biopsy, while surgical biopsies for diagnosis can be aided by multiple intraoperative colocalization techniques. Accurate staging, particularly of lymph nodes, and molecular testing are essential for treatment planning and prognostication.