Towards Generalized Bioimpedance Models for Bladder Monitoring: The Role of Waist Circumference and Fat Thickness.

Continuous bladder volume monitoring in a wearable format can improve outcomes for patients with bladder dysfunction, heart failure, and other conditions requiring precise fluid management. Bioimpedance-based methods offer a promising, noninvasive solution; however, the influence of patient-specific anatomy, particularly waist circumference and subcutaneous fat thickness, remains poorly characterized. In this study, we use in silico finite element modeling to quantify how these anatomical factors affect two key bioimpedance metrics: voltage change (ΔV) and voltage change ratio (VCR). Comprehensive simulations were performed across 15 virtual anatomies, generating a reference dataset for guiding future analog front-end and algorithm designs. We further compared generalized volume estimation models against conventional patient-specific void regression approaches. With appropriate input scaling, the generalized models achieved performance within 10% of patient-specific calibrations and, in some cases, surpassed them. Certain configurations reduced mean average error (MAE) by more than 20% relative to individualized models, potentially enabling a streamlined setup without the need for laborious ground-truth acquisition such as voided volume collection. These results demonstrate that incorporating simple anatomical scaling can yield robust, generalizable bladder volume estimation models suitable for wearable systems across diverse patient populations.