Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Polysaccharide PAP55-1-1 derived from Periplaneta americana promotes wound healing via the COX-2/PGE2/HIF-1α pathway.
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Xiao Chunyan, He Ling, Yang Yiting, Zhang Hujing, Liu Qiao, Zhao Yingxia, Song Qin
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Wound healing disorders are a major clinical problem. Periplaneta americana has been used by ethnic minorities in Southwest China, for skin wounds and ulcers, showing tissue-repair potential. However, the structure of its polysaccharides and how they promote healing remain unclear.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to isolate an active polysaccharide from Periplaneta americana, characterize its structure, and investigate its wound-healing mechanism of action.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The active polysaccharide PAP55-1-1 was extracted using water extraction, alcohol precipitation, and the Sevage method. Its structure was characterized by FT-IR, molecular weight analysis, monosaccharide composition, methylation, and NMR. Mechanisms were studied via Western blotting, Co-IP, immunofluorescence, and metabolomics. A third-degree burn mouse model was established and wound-healing effects were evaluated using H&E, Masson, and immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: A 44.28 kDa homogeneous heteropolysaccharide, designated PAP55-1-1, was isolated and purified from Periplaneta americana. It was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine, linked by glycosidic bonds, including α-Manp-(1→, α-Galp-(1→, →2)-β-Manp-(1→, →3)-β-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-GalpNAc-(1→, →3)-β-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-GlcpNAc-(1→, →3,4)-α-Glcp-(1→, →2,6)-α-Manp-(1 → . In vitro experiments revealed that PAP55-1-1 activates the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, upregulates COX-2 expression, and promotes downstream metabolite production. The resulting PGE2 stabilizes HIF-1α and facilitates its nuclear translocation, thereby enhancing the transcriptional expression of target genes including VEGF, GLUT1 and EPO. In vivo studies indicated that PAP55-1-1 accelerated wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, as well as by upregulating the expression of HIF-1α, CD31, and VEGF at the wound site.
CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrated that it promotes wound healing by regulating the COX-2/PGE2 pathway to stabilize HIF-1α, and upregulates VEGF, CD31, and HIF-1α expression, which shows that PAP55-1-1 is a potential candidate drug for future burn wound healing.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to isolate an active polysaccharide from Periplaneta americana, characterize its structure, and investigate its wound-healing mechanism of action.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The active polysaccharide PAP55-1-1 was extracted using water extraction, alcohol precipitation, and the Sevage method. Its structure was characterized by FT-IR, molecular weight analysis, monosaccharide composition, methylation, and NMR. Mechanisms were studied via Western blotting, Co-IP, immunofluorescence, and metabolomics. A third-degree burn mouse model was established and wound-healing effects were evaluated using H&E, Masson, and immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: A 44.28 kDa homogeneous heteropolysaccharide, designated PAP55-1-1, was isolated and purified from Periplaneta americana. It was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine, linked by glycosidic bonds, including α-Manp-(1→, α-Galp-(1→, →2)-β-Manp-(1→, →3)-β-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-GalpNAc-(1→, →3)-β-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-GlcpNAc-(1→, →3,4)-α-Glcp-(1→, →2,6)-α-Manp-(1 → . In vitro experiments revealed that PAP55-1-1 activates the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, upregulates COX-2 expression, and promotes downstream metabolite production. The resulting PGE2 stabilizes HIF-1α and facilitates its nuclear translocation, thereby enhancing the transcriptional expression of target genes including VEGF, GLUT1 and EPO. In vivo studies indicated that PAP55-1-1 accelerated wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, as well as by upregulating the expression of HIF-1α, CD31, and VEGF at the wound site.
CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrated that it promotes wound healing by regulating the COX-2/PGE2 pathway to stabilize HIF-1α, and upregulates VEGF, CD31, and HIF-1α expression, which shows that PAP55-1-1 is a potential candidate drug for future burn wound healing.