Molecular Insights Into Carotenoid-Based Interventions for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults, primarily driven by hyperglycaemia in the retinal tissue. The role of antioxidant phytochemicals, particularly carotenoids, has gained attention due to their potential in mitigating these damaging processes. Carotenoids exhibit strong antioxidant properties by neutralising reactive oxygen species and reducing inflammation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which these carotenoids exert protective effects on the retina, focusing on their role in combating oxidative stress, preserving retinal integrity and preventing neovascularization associated with DR. By highlighting key findings from recent studies, we underscore the therapeutic potential of carotenoids as natural interventions in preventing or slowing the progression of DR. Further research into their bioavailability, dosage and long-term effects may pave the way for carotenoid-based treatments in the clinical management of DR.