Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2025
Cysteine mediates the association of essential trace elements with polycystic ovary syndrome: Does ambient particulate matters exposure modify the mediation effect of cysteine.
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Dong Rui, Ren Shiwei, Wang Xin, Yuan Jing, Yin Tao, Zhang Dongyang, Li Qian, Yang Jing, Sun Zihan, Liu Yajing, Yang Linsheng, Tao Fangbiao, Zhang Zhiguo, Ji Dongmei, Wei Jing, Liang Chunmei
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between essential trace element levels in FF and PCOS and to determine whether this association was mediated by the antioxidant stress indicator cysteine (Cys). In addition, the effect of ambient PM exposure on the mediation effect of Cys was examined.
METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, which involved 420 patients with PCOS and 408 controls. The levels of eight trace elements (Cr, Mn, Se, Sn, Cu, Co, Fe, and Zn) and Cys in the FF were detected. The exposure levels of PMs in the participants within 30 days before FF collection were estimated. The combined effect of trace elements on PCOS development was evaluated using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Moreover, the major trace elements were selected. Subsequently, the mediating effect of Cys on the linear relationship between elements and PCOS was analyzed using the conventional mediation model, and the mediating effect of Cys on the non-linear association was tested using the piecewise mediation model. Next, the relationships between PMs and Cys were examined using a distributed lag linear model to determine the presence of an inverse association. Finally, stratification analyses of PM exposure were performed to demonstrate that PMs can modify the mediation effect of Cys.
RESULTS: The BKMR indicated that increased levels of trace elements in FF were related to a reduced odds of PCOS. The mediation analysis identified Cys as a significant mediator of the inverse relationships observed between Sn (ACME (average causal mediation effect): -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00]), Co (ACME: -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00]), Cu (ACME: -0.01 [-0.03, 0.00]) and PCOS. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was observed between PM exposure and Cys level in FF. Interestingly, stratification analyses revealed that in the lower PM exposure group, Co and Cu were negatively associated with PCOS by positively mediating the Cys level change, with mediation proportions of 14.0 % and 50.6 %, respectively; in contrast, in the higher PM exposure group, the mediation effect of Cys was absent.
CONCLUSIONS: Sn, Co, and Cu were found to be negatively associated with PCOS as they positively mediated the changes in the Cys levels. In addition, exposure to PMs may modify the mediation effect of Cys on the abovementioned negative association. Further research is needed to verify the modifying effect of PM and explore the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, which involved 420 patients with PCOS and 408 controls. The levels of eight trace elements (Cr, Mn, Se, Sn, Cu, Co, Fe, and Zn) and Cys in the FF were detected. The exposure levels of PMs in the participants within 30 days before FF collection were estimated. The combined effect of trace elements on PCOS development was evaluated using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Moreover, the major trace elements were selected. Subsequently, the mediating effect of Cys on the linear relationship between elements and PCOS was analyzed using the conventional mediation model, and the mediating effect of Cys on the non-linear association was tested using the piecewise mediation model. Next, the relationships between PMs and Cys were examined using a distributed lag linear model to determine the presence of an inverse association. Finally, stratification analyses of PM exposure were performed to demonstrate that PMs can modify the mediation effect of Cys.
RESULTS: The BKMR indicated that increased levels of trace elements in FF were related to a reduced odds of PCOS. The mediation analysis identified Cys as a significant mediator of the inverse relationships observed between Sn (ACME (average causal mediation effect): -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00]), Co (ACME: -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00]), Cu (ACME: -0.01 [-0.03, 0.00]) and PCOS. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was observed between PM exposure and Cys level in FF. Interestingly, stratification analyses revealed that in the lower PM exposure group, Co and Cu were negatively associated with PCOS by positively mediating the Cys level change, with mediation proportions of 14.0 % and 50.6 %, respectively; in contrast, in the higher PM exposure group, the mediation effect of Cys was absent.
CONCLUSIONS: Sn, Co, and Cu were found to be negatively associated with PCOS as they positively mediated the changes in the Cys levels. In addition, exposure to PMs may modify the mediation effect of Cys on the abovementioned negative association. Further research is needed to verify the modifying effect of PM and explore the underlying mechanisms.