Melatonin receptor genes.

Melatonin is produced rhythmically by the pineal gland and the retina with increased synthesis during darkness. Pineal melatonin serves as the 'chemical expression of darkness' conveying information on the ambient light-dark cycle into rhythmic bodily functions. On-going debate on modes and sites of action ranges from views of melatonin affecting each and every cell ('cure-all') to those of melatonin having restricted actions through specific high-affinity receptors. The present review deals with the latter view. The use of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin has allowed the exact localization and characterization of high-affinity melatonin receptors that signal through the G(i/o) class of G proteins. Molecular cloning of melatonin receptor genes has confirmed that most, if not all, high-affinity melatonin-binding sites represent the G-protein-coupled melatonin receptors. Based on sequence dissimilarities, melatonin receptors are classified into three subtypes, Mel1a, Mel1b and Mel1c. A distribution wider than originally thought of melatonin receptors in the human brain and peripheral sites has brought these receptors into focus of several drug companies, promising exciting times for research on melatonin and new therapeutic possibilities.