Dermatological manifestations and skin care practices associated with self-efficacy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health concern characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications, including dermatological manifestations. Skin disorders are common among patients with diabetes and are often linked to poor glycemic control and inadequate self-care practices. Self-efficacy is a key determinant of effective diabetes self-management and may influence the occurrence and severity of dermatological conditions.

AIM: This study aimed to examine the association between dermatological manifestations, skin care practices, and self-efficacy among adults with T2DM in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients (30-70 years) with T2DM in Saudi Arabia using a convenience sampling approach. Data were collected through an online structured self-administered questionnaire distributed via digital platforms. The questionnaire included three components: (1) sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including glycemic indicators; (2) skin care practices; and (3) self-efficacy in diabetes self-management assessed using a 7-item scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests to assess associations between variables.

RESULTS

Participants demonstrated suboptimal glycemic control, with a considerable proportion reporting HbA1c levels between 7.6-8.5% and ≥9.6%. The median (IQR) fasting blood glucose was 111.0 (99.0-125.0) mg/dL, and random blood glucose was 191.0 (163.0-212.0) mg/dL. Self-efficacy levels were significantly associated with most sociodemographic characteristics (p < 0.001). Significant associations were observed between self-efficacy and multiple dermatological manifestations, including ulcers, nail abnormalities, itching, tenderness, redness, paronychia, hyperpigmentation, rashes, and purulent lesions (p < 0.001). A significant association was also found with swelling (p = 0.040), while no significant association was identified with vascular impairment (p = 0.249).

CONCLUSION

Self-efficacy is significantly associated with dermatological manifestations among patients with T2DM. Strengthening patient education and behavioral interventions targeting glycemic control and skin care practices may enhance self-efficacy and reduce diabetes-related skin complications.