The "Christmas Tree" Sign on MR Cholangiogram in Left-Sided Cholangiohepatitis.

UNLABELLED: Rice bran pigmentation, determined by anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, represents a key domestication-associated trait linked to nutritional quality. In this study, we investigated the genetic basis of bran color diversity and post-domestication breeding history in 155 Vietnamese landrace accessions using biochemical quantification, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), population structure analysis, and comparative haplotype analyses against a global diversity panel (TASUKE+, n = 518). Phenotypic characterization revealed predominance of white pericarp (72.2%), with red (23.9%) and black (3.9%) varieties representing minorities. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) ranged from 0 to 780 µg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents per gram dry weight (µg C3GE/g DW), while total proanthocyanidin content (TPAC) varied from 1.57 to 4,000 mg catechin equivalent/100 g. GWAS identified that anthocyanin accumulation was associated with Kala4 (Os04g0557500) on chromosome 4, with the rare Kala4 B gain-of-function haplotype restricted to black japonica accessions. Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis was associated with Rc (Os07g0211500) on chromosome 7, with loss-of-function variants including the 14-bp deletion and a nonsense mutation confirmed by targeted Sanger sequencing. Comparative analysis showed that the Kala4 B haplotype is absent from wild O. rufipogon and occurs at similarly low frequency in elite and landrace backgrounds of the global panel (0.35% vs. 0.53%; Fisher's exact p = 1.0), consistent with a derived allele maintained by localized cultural preference rather than an early domestication sweep or modern breeding target. In contrast, the Rc loss-of-function (deletion) allele increased sharply in frequency from wild rice (2.9%) to landrace (71.9%) to elite cultivars (96.7%; all pairwise Fisher's exact p < 1e-13), indicating progressively intensified selection against pigmentation through domestication and subsequent breeding. These global-panel findings demonstrate systematic, stepwise selection against pericarp pigmentation from wild rice through landraces to elite cultivars at a global scale, a trend that Vietnamese landrace rice appears to parallel while preserving unique genetic diversity maintained by ethnic minority communities. The identified molecular markers and rare functional alleles provide valuable resources for breeding anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-enriched varieties.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-026-01720-2.