Pitfalls in staging uterine neoplasm with imaging: a review.

This review analyzes current pitfalls in pretreatment staging of endometrial and cervical carcinoma with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on a critical review of the literature. Technical, patient, and tumor-related characteristics were analyzed to improve further staging of uterine neoplasm with MRI. For endometrial carcinoma staging, contrast-enhanced dynamic imaging appears essential to avoid false-positive findings for deep myometrial invasion by better delineating tumor from normal myometrium. However, leiomyomas, adenomyosis, and grade 3 tumors provide difficulties in staging for pathologists and radiologists. Slice orientation perpendicular to the long axis of the cervical channel might improve false-negative findings for deep stromal invasion on T2-weighted images in endometrial and cervical cancer. Contrast-enhanced sequences do not improve diagnosis of parametrial or vaginal invasion in cervical cancer. Assessment of lymph node invasion by any imaging modality has limited sensitivity in detecting lymph node metastasis smaller than 5 mm. Knowledge of diagnostic criteria is critical to avoid false-negative findings for bladder wall invasion. Higher spatial resolution with dedicated multichannel pelvic phase array coils, smaller fields of view and section thickness, and careful comparison of T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced sequences are strategies that might avoid misinterpretation of pelvic MRI in staging uterine neoplasm.