Management of Graves ophthalmopathy - 2022 update.

Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) occurs in 25-50% cases of Graves disease. Most cases are just mild, only 5% represents eye threatening diseases. About 5-10% of cases could be euthyroid and 10% hypothyroid, respectively. All patients with GO should be assessed for activity (clinical activity score - CAS) and severity of the disease. Essential conditions of the successful treatment are well controlled thyroid dysfunction, smoking cessation and to refer patients with moderate to severe and sight threatening GO to specialized thyroid eye centers as soon as possible. Local therapy to maintain wet eye (lubricants) and supplementation of selenium deficiency is adequate in mild cases of GO. In cases of moderate to severe and sight threatening GO, administration of intravenous glucocorticoids in thyroid eye centers is first line treatment and a combination with mycophenolate or radiotherapy could be considered. When the first-line treatment fails or a contraindication/intolerance to them is present, non-steroid immunosuppressive drugs (mycophenolate, ciclosporin), rituximab, or radiotherapy could be considered. In rare cases of sight threatening GO urge surgical orbital decompression or tarsorrhaphy is warranted.