Hookworm infections in carnivores in Iran: a One Health concern.

BACKGROUND

Dogs and cats can harbor hookworms, which may contribute to zoonotic infections. This study investigates hookworm infections in carnivores from the Caspian Sea littoral region of northern Iran, focusing on molecular and morphological identification.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2015 and October 2024, involving 172 road-killed carnivores including 78 stray dogs (Canis familiaris), 62 golden jackals (Canis aureus), and 32 stray cats (Felis catus), all collected from the northern Iranian provinces of Guilan and Mazandaran.

RESULTS

Overall, 46 (26.74%) animals tested positive for hookworms. Among these, Ancylostoma caninum was found in dogs and golden jackals, Ancylostoma tubaeforme in cats, and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs and golden jackals. Morphological analyses confirmed key differences between A. caninum and A. tubaeforme, including size, esophageal features, and bursal structure. Molecular identification was supported by 18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA, 28S, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COX1) gene sequences, demonstrating high similarity with previously identified isolates in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and COX1 sequences revealed distinct clades for each species, with A. caninum and A. tubaeforme clustering together in the Ancylostoma spp. group.

CONCLUSION

These results provide important insights into hookworm diversity and highlight the zoonotic risks posed by these parasites.