Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026
Serum anti-Müllerian hormone response to pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation in healthy women: no overall change and exploratory subgroup findings.
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Tsuji Saori, Takiuchi Tsuyoshi, Handa Mika, Miura Naoki, Aoyagi Hisae, Uematsu Yuki, Shidomi Miwako, Fukada Kazutake, Ogura Chiaki, Kimura Tadashi, Kodama Michiko
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Oocyte maturation requires substantial ATP, and the resulting oxidative stress may impair follicular development. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an antioxidant compound, protects mitochondria and promotes follicular development in animal models; however, its effects on human ovarian function remain unclear.
METHODS: This single-arm, open-label study prospectively evaluated the effects of oral PQQ supplementation on ovarian reserve and related clinical and biochemical outcomes. The primary outcome was serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Secondary outcomes included luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, biological antioxidant potential, reactive oxygen metabolites-derived compounds (d-ROMs), and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) scores. Fifty healthy women aged 25-42 years with regular menstrual cycles and baseline serum AMH levels of 0.5 ≤ AMH < 3.0 ng/mL received 20 mg/day of PQQ for 90 ± 10 days. Blood samples were collected on menstrual cycle days 1-7 before and after supplementation. Exploratory subgroup analyses were performed using combined stratification by age and baseline AMH.
RESULTS: Analyses were conducted in the per-protocol set (n = 35). AMH did not change significantly overall (1.561 ± 0.689 vs. 1.439 ± 0.772 ng/mL, p = 0.182). In younger participants with lower baseline AMH (n = 7), AMH showed a non-significant increase (1.121 ± 0.379 vs. 1.361 ± 0.604 ng/mL, p = 0.056), accompanied by a significant decrease in d-ROMs (351.3 ± 43.5 vs. 305.3 ± 34.3 U. CARR, p = 0.027). In contrast, older participants with lower baseline AMH (n = 13) showed a significant decrease in AMH (1.066 ± 0.296 vs. 0.852 ± 0.312 ng/mL, p = 0.033), while d-ROMs remained unchanged. Across the overall cohort, d-ROMs showed a non-significant reduction (334.2 ± 59.7 vs. 321.5 ± 63.9 U. CARR, p = 0.090).
CONCLUSION: PQQ supplementation did not alter AMH levels in the overall cohort. Subgroup findings were inconsistent and should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample sizes and absence of a control group. These exploratory results do not permit conclusions regarding clinical efficacy. Larger, placebo-controlled trials with imaging-based and clinical reproductive endpoints are needed to determine whether PQQ has measurable effects on ovarian biology.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000056669, identifier UMIN000049793.
METHODS: This single-arm, open-label study prospectively evaluated the effects of oral PQQ supplementation on ovarian reserve and related clinical and biochemical outcomes. The primary outcome was serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Secondary outcomes included luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, biological antioxidant potential, reactive oxygen metabolites-derived compounds (d-ROMs), and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) scores. Fifty healthy women aged 25-42 years with regular menstrual cycles and baseline serum AMH levels of 0.5 ≤ AMH < 3.0 ng/mL received 20 mg/day of PQQ for 90 ± 10 days. Blood samples were collected on menstrual cycle days 1-7 before and after supplementation. Exploratory subgroup analyses were performed using combined stratification by age and baseline AMH.
RESULTS: Analyses were conducted in the per-protocol set (n = 35). AMH did not change significantly overall (1.561 ± 0.689 vs. 1.439 ± 0.772 ng/mL, p = 0.182). In younger participants with lower baseline AMH (n = 7), AMH showed a non-significant increase (1.121 ± 0.379 vs. 1.361 ± 0.604 ng/mL, p = 0.056), accompanied by a significant decrease in d-ROMs (351.3 ± 43.5 vs. 305.3 ± 34.3 U. CARR, p = 0.027). In contrast, older participants with lower baseline AMH (n = 13) showed a significant decrease in AMH (1.066 ± 0.296 vs. 0.852 ± 0.312 ng/mL, p = 0.033), while d-ROMs remained unchanged. Across the overall cohort, d-ROMs showed a non-significant reduction (334.2 ± 59.7 vs. 321.5 ± 63.9 U. CARR, p = 0.090).
CONCLUSION: PQQ supplementation did not alter AMH levels in the overall cohort. Subgroup findings were inconsistent and should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample sizes and absence of a control group. These exploratory results do not permit conclusions regarding clinical efficacy. Larger, placebo-controlled trials with imaging-based and clinical reproductive endpoints are needed to determine whether PQQ has measurable effects on ovarian biology.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000056669, identifier UMIN000049793.