Frontiers in physiology · 2026
Thermoregulatory responses of elite ski mountaineers during simulated races under cold, hypoxic conditions.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод пока не подготовлен
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Dünnwald Tobias, Schobersberger Wolfgang, Köck Anika, Pitsiladis Yannis, Verdoukas Panagiotis, Gunga Hanns-Christian, Racinais Sebastien
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: During Ski mountaineering (SkiMo), athletes are exposed to multiple environmental stressors, notably cold temperatures and reduced oxygen availability. However, how athletes thermoregulate under such conditions remains unknown.
METHODS: This observational study investigated the thermal response of elite SkiMo athletes exercising under cold/windy conditions at altitude. Core (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperature were continuously recorded in 11 elite and 2 national SkiMo athletes (10 males, 3 females) during simulated races performed at an altitude of 2600m above sea level using ingestible electronic pills and Tskin sensors placed on the chest, arm, thigh, shin and hand, respectively. Each athlete completed four 15-minute uphill skiing runs at 85-90% HRmax, each separated by a 2-3-minute downhill ski back to the starting position. Heart rate and speed were continuously recorded. Ambient temperature ranged from -8.3 °C to 1.3 °C, with wind chill temperatures reaching -11 °C.
RESULTS: Tcore significantly increased from baseline (37.4 ± 0.2 °C) to warm-up (38.2 ± 0.2 °C, p ≤ 0.001). Thereafter, 46% of athletes maintained their Tcore (+0.2 ± 0.3 °C, p=0.225), with a peak of 39.4 °C in one athlete, while the remaining 54% showed a decrease of 0.8 ± 0.5 °C (p=0.003; minimum 36.5 °C). Tskin largely decreased on all locations (all p<0.001), reaching lowest mean temperatures on the hand (21.2 ± 2.5 °C) and thigh (22.3 ± 2.7 °C). Changes in Tcore and Tskin were not related to uphill speed.
CONCLUSION: SkiMo performed under cold and hypoxic conditions clearly lowers Tskin of elite athletes, especially at the extremities. Contrarily, we observed a high inter-individual variability in Tcore responses, showing that half of athletes were unable to maintain their Tcore despite high exercise intensities, whereas the other half increased their temperatures. The observation that some athletes increased whereas others decreased their Tcore suggests differences in net heat balance, with some having a positive heat balance (heat gain) and others a negative heat balance (heat loss).
METHODS: This observational study investigated the thermal response of elite SkiMo athletes exercising under cold/windy conditions at altitude. Core (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperature were continuously recorded in 11 elite and 2 national SkiMo athletes (10 males, 3 females) during simulated races performed at an altitude of 2600m above sea level using ingestible electronic pills and Tskin sensors placed on the chest, arm, thigh, shin and hand, respectively. Each athlete completed four 15-minute uphill skiing runs at 85-90% HRmax, each separated by a 2-3-minute downhill ski back to the starting position. Heart rate and speed were continuously recorded. Ambient temperature ranged from -8.3 °C to 1.3 °C, with wind chill temperatures reaching -11 °C.
RESULTS: Tcore significantly increased from baseline (37.4 ± 0.2 °C) to warm-up (38.2 ± 0.2 °C, p ≤ 0.001). Thereafter, 46% of athletes maintained their Tcore (+0.2 ± 0.3 °C, p=0.225), with a peak of 39.4 °C in one athlete, while the remaining 54% showed a decrease of 0.8 ± 0.5 °C (p=0.003; minimum 36.5 °C). Tskin largely decreased on all locations (all p<0.001), reaching lowest mean temperatures on the hand (21.2 ± 2.5 °C) and thigh (22.3 ± 2.7 °C). Changes in Tcore and Tskin were not related to uphill speed.
CONCLUSION: SkiMo performed under cold and hypoxic conditions clearly lowers Tskin of elite athletes, especially at the extremities. Contrarily, we observed a high inter-individual variability in Tcore responses, showing that half of athletes were unable to maintain their Tcore despite high exercise intensities, whereas the other half increased their temperatures. The observation that some athletes increased whereas others decreased their Tcore suggests differences in net heat balance, with some having a positive heat balance (heat gain) and others a negative heat balance (heat loss).