Allogeneic transplantation for advanced acute leukemia.

Outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for patients with advanced acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain uncertain. All published series include the important and often not stated selection bias that influences outcome. Performance status, patient age, prompt donor availability, risk phenotype of the leukemia, and tumor burden all influence the decision-making process about HCT with active disease. In addition, patients with MDS do not achieve a true pre-HCT complete remission, and thus much less stringent measures are used to indicate suitability for allografting in that disease. Post-HCT maintenance or investigational approaches for tumor depletion may improve the outcomes.