Surgical and interventional palliative treatment of upper gastrointestinal malignancies.

Malignancies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including the oesophagus, stomach, liver, bile ducts and pancreas, are highly virulent diseases. While curative therapies relieve symptoms caused by these cancers, most of these treatments prove unsuccessful in the control of tumour due to occult residual disease. This review covers only planned palliative procedures for these conditions where patient factors (e.g. performance status or patient wishes) or tumour factors (e.g. locally advanced or known metastatic disease) prevent potentially curative intervention. For most patients, palliation of luminal obstruction, pain or other symptoms is the most worthwhile treatment that can be offered with present therapies.