From body shaping to character formation: international research progress and mechanisms of exercise training interventions for juvenile delinquency.

Juvenile delinquency is a global public health concern requiring effective prevention strategies. This narrative review summarizes and synthesizes international evidence on structured exercise and sport-based interventions for juvenile delinquency, examining theoretical frameworks, mechanisms, program characteristics, and effectiveness. We conducted a literature search in PubMed and Web of Science; evidence indicates that intervention effectiveness depends critically on program design and implementation quality-long-term structured programs with trained coaches produce the most robust effects. Exercise facilitates behavioral change through interconnected physiological, psychological, and social mechanisms, with integration of cognitive-behavioral therapy and family support yielding stronger outcomes than exercise alone. Structured exercise shows promise as a developmental intervention for delinquency prevention, but success requires theory-driven design, skilled mentorship, and cultural sensitivity. Future research should prioritize rigorous longitudinal designs and cultural adaptation in underrepresented regions.