Recommendations for the management of adrenal incidentalomas: what is pertinent for radiologists?

Adrenal incidentalomas are unsuspected, asymptomatic adrenal masses detected on imaging. Most are non-functioning benign adrenocortical adenomas but can represent other benign lesions or lesions requiring therapeutic intervention including adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hormone-producing adenoma or metastasis. This review summarizes and highlights radiological recommendations within the recently issued guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas from the European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice in collaboration with the European Network for Study of Adrenal Tumours. Four pre-defined clinical questions were addressed in the guidelines and two have specific relevance and implications for radiologists: (1) how to assess risk of malignancy on imaging and (2) what follow-up is indicated if an adrenal incidentaloma is not surgically removed? The guidelines also include recommendations for frequently encountered special circumstances, including bilateral incidentalomas, incidentalomas in patients with extra-adrenal malignancy and in the young and elderly patients. This review highlights radiological recommendations within the guidelines and evidence used for formulating the guidelines.