Ptosis repair in aesthetic blepharoplasty.

A straightforward approach to ptosis in a patient interested in aesthetic blepharoplasty is presented. Beginning with an explanation of how ptosis often becomes apparent after an aesthetic surgery of the upper lid, this article describes functional anatomy of the eyelid relevant to ptosis, and discusses the various causes of ptosis, examination of the patient presenting with a drooping lid, aspects the surgeon should be aware of from the patient's perspective of this problem, and surgical options and techniques. The author describes in step-by-step detail external levator aponeurosis resection, pretarsal aponeurosis resection, Müller muscle-conjunctival resection, the complications that can arise with these procedures, and aftercare required.