[Will vaccines appear on the scene of oncology in the near future?].

In parallel with the increasing knowledge of the role played by the immune system in the control oftumourgrowth, the efforts to develop anti-cancer vaccines intensify. In the present time two highly efficient prophylactic vaccines against the virus-induced cancers are in use, but a rapid progress in the development of anti-cancer therapeutic vaccines can also be seen. It is conditioned by an increasing understanding of the biology of the tumor cells and the rapid progress in the field of immunology. Nevertheless, these developments are associated with a number of difficulties, among which the immunosuppressive activities of the tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment are the most important. On the example of chronic myeloid leukemia the author proposes a strategy for the development ofa therapeutic cancer vaccine.