The effect of experimentally induced gluteal muscle weakness on joint kinematics, reaction forces, and dynamic balance performance during deep bilateral squats.

Squatting is a common daily activity and fundamental exercise in resistance training and closed kinetic chain programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an experimentally induced weakness of the gluteal muscles on joint kinematics, reactions forces (JRFs), and dynamic balance performance during deep bilateral squats in healthy young adults. Ten healthy adults received sequential blocks of (1) branch of the superior gluteal nerve to the tensor fasciae latae (SGNtfl) muscle, (2) superior gluteal nerve (SGN), and (3) inferior gluteal nerve (IGN) on the dominant right leg. At the control condition and following each block, the participants were instructed to perform deep bilateral squats standing on two force plates. Hip, knee, ankle, and pelvis kinematics did not differ significantly following iatrogenic weakness of gluteal muscles. The most important finding was the significant differences in JRFs following SGN and IGN block, with the affected hip, patellofemoral, and ankle joint demonstrating lower JRFs, whereas the contralateral joints demonstrated significantly higher JRFs, especially the patellofemoral joint which demonstrated an average maximum difference of 1.43 x body weight compared with the control condition. When performing a deep bilateral leg squat under SGN and IGN block, the subjects demonstrated an increased center of pressure (CoP) range and standard deviation (SD) in mediolateral compared with the control condition. These results imply that squat performance changes significantly following weakness of gluteal muscles and should be considered when assessing and training athletes or patients with these injuries.