Aqueous mounting media increasing tissue translucence improve image quality in Structured Illumination Microscopy of thick biological specimen.

Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution microscopy method that has significantly advanced studies of cellular structures. It relies on projection of illumination patterns onto a fluorescently labelled biological sample. The information derived from the sample is then shifted to a detectable band, and in the process of image calculation in Fourier space the resolution is doubled. Refractive index homogeneity along the optical path is crucial to maintain a highly modulated illumination pattern necessary for high-quality SIM. This applies in particular to thick samples consisting of large cells and tissues. Surprisingly, sample mounting media for SIM have not undergone a significant evolution for almost a decade. Through identification and systematic evaluation of a number of non-hazardous, water-soluble chemical components of mounting media, we demonstrate an unprecedented improvement in SIM-image quality. Mounting solutions presented in this research are capable of reducing abundant light scattering which constitutes the limiting factor in 3D-SIM imaging of large Hodgkin's lymphoma and embryonic stem cells as well as 10 µm tissue sections. Moreover, we demonstrate usefulness of some of the media in single molecule localisation microscopy. The results presented here are of importance for standardisation of 3D-SIM data acquisition pipelines for an expanding community of users.