Immune-molecular interactions in high-grade serous ovarian cancer distinguish long-term survivors.

The approach and efficacy of treatments for high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the ovary have changed little in decades. Although numerous studies demonstrated immune infiltration as frequent and prognostically beneficial, clinical trials of immunotherapies have generated benefit in fewer than 15% of patients. In this issue of the JCI, Nelson and colleagues compiled 1,233 HGSC samples from patients across four continents and compared the molecular and immunologic features that associate with long-term survival (greater than 10 years). Diversity among HGSC tumors is well defined, but this study explored the combined influence of immunologic and molecular features. Long-term survivors harbored tumors with high epithelial content and overrepresentation of the C4/differentiated molecular signature, with cytotoxic T and B cells infiltrating to the tumor epithelium and stroma, respectively. These findings highlight features that might underly poor responsiveness to existing immunotherapies of most HGSC tumors and considerations for the design of future, more precise treatments for HGSC.