An integrated life-course and multilevel psychosocial theoretical framework for loneliness (LAMP).

BACKGROUND: Loneliness is increasingly recognized as a major social and public health issue, yet theoretical approaches remain fragmented across disciplines. Psychological research has primarily emphasized individual vulnerabilities and coping, public health perspectives have focused on morbidity and functioning, while sociological work has highlighted structural, institutional, and cultural conditions. This article introduces an integrative loneliness framework that connects these perspectives by explicitly linking micro-, meso-, and macro-level processes across the life course.

METHODS: Building on and extending existing conceptual models and empirical findings from psychology, sociology, public health, and life-course research, we develop a model of contextual pathways and cross-level mechanisms that jointly explain loneliness within and across life stages.

RESULTS: The Life-course And Multilevel Psychosocial theoretical framework of Loneliness (LAMP) conceptualizes loneliness as a dynamic outcome of interactions between structural conditions, cultural contexts, and linked lives, and individual resources and vulnerabilities. The framework identifies key macro-meso, macro-micro, and meso-micro mechanisms and specifies how inequality, cultural normativity, and the timing of life-course transitions shape trajectories of risk, resilience, and change in loneliness.

DISCUSSION: By moving beyond discipline-specific and single-level explanations, the LAMP framework provides a distinctive integrative account of how structural, cultural, relational, and individual processes interact across the life course to shape loneliness. The model provides a conceptual foundation for comparative, longitudinal, and policy-oriented research and offers clear guidance for empirically examining how multilevel contextual forces jointly produce and mitigate loneliness over the life course.