A non-canonical function of glutathione to suppress ferroptosis via FSP1.

It is well established that glutathione (GSH) is mainly utilized by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) to diminish peroxidized phospholipids and defend against ferroptosis. However, we found that GSH robustly protects a variety of GPX4 knockout (KO) cells from ferroptosis, thus indicating that there is an alternative pathway for GSH to suppress ferroptosis. By carrying out genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identified that ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) is the key factor mediating the GPX4-independent protective effect of GSH. Mechanistically, FSP1 uses GSH to generate reduced ubiquinone, which scavenges oxidized lipids and suppresses ferroptosis. Inhibition of FSP1 abolishes this GSH-dependent ferroptosis protection both in vitro and in vivo. Distinct from NAD(P)H-mediated ubiquinone reduction, GSH-stimulated generation of reduced ubiquinone via FSP1 is independent of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Together, our work clarifies a new mechanism of GSH-mediated ferroptosis suppression, thus highlighting the potential that targeting GSH metabolism should be beneficial for ferroptosis-related diseases whether or not it is related to GPX4.