Experimental parasitology · 2026
Biomarkers of experimental Toxocara canis infection are context-dependent: A systematic review of murine models.
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Saldanha-Elias Andressa Mariana, Grossi de Oliveira Ana Laura, Nascimento Souza Jorge Lucas, Fujiwara Ricardo Toshio, Magalhães Luísa Mourão Dias, Lacerda Bueno Lilian
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Toxocara canis infection is a neglected zoonosis associated with multisystemic involvement and persistent larval infection. Murine models are widely used to investigate host-parasite interactions, but methodological heterogeneity limits biomarker comparison and validation.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize experimental murine T. canis infection models and synthesize parasitological, pathological, immunological, molecular, and functional biomarkers and outcomes.
METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Virtual Health Library were searched from inception to September 1, 2026, without publication-date restrictions. Only English-language articles were eligible. Studies were screened using Rayyan and assessed according to a PECOS framework. Risk of bias and methodological quality were evaluated using SYRCLE and an adapted CAMARADES checklist. Findings were synthesized descriptively.
RESULTS: Sixty-seven studies were included. The central nervous system was most investigated (39/67; 58.2%), followed by pulmonary (32/67; 47.8%) and hepatic (24/67; 35.8%) compartments. Larval recovery and tissue PCR characterized parasite localization or persistence, whereas serological, inflammatory, histopathological, molecular, and functional outcomes captured distinct dimensions of infection. Type-2-associated responses, particularly eosinophilia and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, were recurrent. Recent studies incorporated transcriptomics, lipidomics, extracellular-vesicle miRNAs, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics. Methodological limitations were particularly evident in randomization, blinding, and sample-size reporting.
CONCLUSIONS: Murine T. canis infection is a dynamic, multisystem process in which biomarker interpretation depends on tissue, timing, and biological context. Evidence supports complementary, purpose-driven outcome assessment rather than a single biomarker or universal protocol. Greater methodological standardization, longitudinal assessment, and multimodal designs may improve reproducibility and biomarker validation.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize experimental murine T. canis infection models and synthesize parasitological, pathological, immunological, molecular, and functional biomarkers and outcomes.
METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Virtual Health Library were searched from inception to September 1, 2026, without publication-date restrictions. Only English-language articles were eligible. Studies were screened using Rayyan and assessed according to a PECOS framework. Risk of bias and methodological quality were evaluated using SYRCLE and an adapted CAMARADES checklist. Findings were synthesized descriptively.
RESULTS: Sixty-seven studies were included. The central nervous system was most investigated (39/67; 58.2%), followed by pulmonary (32/67; 47.8%) and hepatic (24/67; 35.8%) compartments. Larval recovery and tissue PCR characterized parasite localization or persistence, whereas serological, inflammatory, histopathological, molecular, and functional outcomes captured distinct dimensions of infection. Type-2-associated responses, particularly eosinophilia and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, were recurrent. Recent studies incorporated transcriptomics, lipidomics, extracellular-vesicle miRNAs, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics. Methodological limitations were particularly evident in randomization, blinding, and sample-size reporting.
CONCLUSIONS: Murine T. canis infection is a dynamic, multisystem process in which biomarker interpretation depends on tissue, timing, and biological context. Evidence supports complementary, purpose-driven outcome assessment rather than a single biomarker or universal protocol. Greater methodological standardization, longitudinal assessment, and multimodal designs may improve reproducibility and biomarker validation.