Anticipated relevance prepares visual processing for efficient memory-guided selection.

Finding an object typically involves using working memory to select relevant visual information at the right time. Using EEG, we investigated how predictable changes in stimulus relevance influence top-down visual selection. Participants memorized an oriented grating, followed by a cue indicating which of two sequentially presented probes was relevant for a memory-match/-mismatch judgment. Consistent with earlier work, relevant probes evoked stronger univariate responses than irrelevant probes. Furthermore, responses to (memory-matching and memory-mismatching) probes were more distinct when they were relevant compared to irrelevant. Crucially, using rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT), we found that visual responses to the (empty) probe location were enhanced even before the presentation of relevant (compared to irrelevant) probes. Predictable changes in stimulus relevance, therefore, induce both pro-active and re-active changes in visual processing. We conclude that anticipating the (ir)relevance of upcoming visual events enables the visual system to prepare for efficient memory-guided visual selection.