Nanostructured materials for therapeutic applications: Bimetallic doped CuO nanoparticles, synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of biological properties - A sustainable approach.

This study reports the green synthesis of pristine, single-doped, and Fe/Co co-doped CuO nanoparticles using Bryophyllum calycinum extract. Doping was applied as a strategy to modulate the physicochemical and biological properties of CuO NPs. The NPs were characterized by EDX, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, confirming crystallinity with a monoclinic phase and dopant-induced changes in band gap and lattice vibrations. SEM showed rough, irregular morphology. Biological assays revealed that Fe/Co co-doped CuO NPs exhibited superior antimicrobial activity 33 mm against S. enterica, 35 mm against A. niger, enhanced antioxidant efficiency, and minimal cytotoxicity at lower concentrations 0.3 mg/mL, 9% haemolysis. These findings demonstrate that Fe/Co co-doped CuO NPs synthesized via this eco-friendly approach possess promising bio-medicinal potential.