Microneedle Based Platforms for Glucose Monitoring: Current Status and Future Directions.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that requires continuous glucose monitoring to achieve glycemic control. However, current glucose monitoring technologies have many limitations and are often associated with adherence issues. Therefore, in this review, we considered some recent developments in biosensors using microneedles due to their non-invasive character and interstitial fluid measurement for real-time monitoring. The review highlights the use of nanomaterials in nanotechnology, the microfabrication methods, enzyme immobilization methods, and surface modification methods that lead to increased sensitivity and biocompatibility of the sensors. The review also emphasized the advances in clinical studies and the artifacts related to microneedle sensors, such as biofouling and signal drift. Moreover, the review specifically targeted the use of emerging technologies such as non-enzymatic sensing, multiplex biomarker detection, AI-based analysis, health monitoring, and a closed-loop insulin release system. The current review includes more than 100 peer-reviewed articles. It provides a thorough analysis of how microneedle-based biosensors can be considered a new approach for glucose detection that improves the quality of patients' lives. Collectively, all the recent advancements in microneedle-based biosensors have made them a new emerging platform for next-generation personalized medicine, along with a digital healthcare system.