Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in diabetes: A promising target for cognitive restoration.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an essential role in neuronal growth and maturation, as well as in maintaining synaptic plasticity. Dysregulated BDNF levels significantly increase the risk of neurological and metabolic disorders. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, several pathological mechanisms, including prolonged hyperglycemia, oxidative damage, chronic inflammation, and impaired insulin sensitivity, are known to drive neurodegenerative processes and deterioration of cognitive function. Impaired BDNF signaling can result in compromised synaptic transmission and gradual loss of neurons, with the hippocampus being particularly vulnerable. A growing body of evidence points to a strong correlation between diminished BDNF levels and diabetes related cognitive decline. Findings from both human clinical trials and animal studies have consistently reported reduced BDNF concentrations in brain tissues and systemic circulation in diabetic conditions. Therapeutic strategies aimed at upregulating BDNF expression and modulating its downstream signaling pathways hold considerable promise for preventing or mitigating diabetes associated cognitive deficits.