Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry · 2026
Do negative emotions mediate the association between negative appraisals and dysfunctional reactions to involuntary musical imagery? Testing an OCD-analogue cognitive model of distressing earworms.
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Wassermann Josepha, Meyer Andrea H, Wahl Karina, Reuter Benedikt
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Distressing involuntary musical imagery (INMI) or "earworms" are often experienced but rarely studied. Due to their similarity with obsessions, research can draw on models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The present study followed a cognitive model and tested the hypothesis of a positive relationship between negative appraisals and dysfunctional reactions, mediated by negative emotions.
METHODS: Individuals with OCD (n = 79) and students without OCD (n = 298) completed the Characteristics of Earworms Questionnaire (CEAR). The central hypothesis was tested using a mediation analysis.
RESULTS: The analysis revealed a significant direct effect of negative appraisals on dysfunctional reactions to INMI, but no mediation by negative emotions.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the applicability of the cognitive OCD model to INMI, particularly the relationship between negative appraisals and dysfunctional reactions. However, the results question whether negative emotions mediate this relationship. If replicated, results may provide a foundation for developing targeted interventions for distressing INMI.
METHODS: Individuals with OCD (n = 79) and students without OCD (n = 298) completed the Characteristics of Earworms Questionnaire (CEAR). The central hypothesis was tested using a mediation analysis.
RESULTS: The analysis revealed a significant direct effect of negative appraisals on dysfunctional reactions to INMI, but no mediation by negative emotions.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the applicability of the cognitive OCD model to INMI, particularly the relationship between negative appraisals and dysfunctional reactions. However, the results question whether negative emotions mediate this relationship. If replicated, results may provide a foundation for developing targeted interventions for distressing INMI.