Journal of medical Internet research · 2026
Linking Dispense Data to Electronic Health Orders: Tutorial for Querying Commercial Pharmacy Databases to Support Systemwide Quality Improvement.
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Michaels Benjamin, Pourian Jessica
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Assessing medication adherence is central to quality care, yet linking electronic health record (EHR) medication orders to outpatient pharmacy dispense data remains technically complex.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present a generalized, reproducible tutorial for linking EHR medication orders to pharmacy dispense data that can be used to assess medication dispense proportions.
METHODS: We developed and validated a structured query approach to link EHR medication orders to external pharmacy dispense data using patient identifiers, medication-level identifiers, pharmacy identifiers, and temporal constraints. The tutorial emphasizes key design decisions, including handling multiple triggering events, deduplication across vendors, and managing formulation changes. A retrospective cohort of pediatric acute otitis media encounters (January 1, 2021, to January 1, 2024) was used as an illustrative example.
RESULTS: Overall, 98.3% (302/307) of pharmacies in the cohort returned at least 1 dispense record during the study period and were therefore classified as reporting pharmacies. Among 3404 orders, 2616 (76.9%) had a recorded dispense.
CONCLUSIONS: EHR-integrated pharmacy data provide a feasible, timely proxy for assessing medication adherence. This tutorial provides a scalable framework for linking EHR and pharmacy data for medication adherence studies, while highlighting key methodological considerations for SQL coding.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present a generalized, reproducible tutorial for linking EHR medication orders to pharmacy dispense data that can be used to assess medication dispense proportions.
METHODS: We developed and validated a structured query approach to link EHR medication orders to external pharmacy dispense data using patient identifiers, medication-level identifiers, pharmacy identifiers, and temporal constraints. The tutorial emphasizes key design decisions, including handling multiple triggering events, deduplication across vendors, and managing formulation changes. A retrospective cohort of pediatric acute otitis media encounters (January 1, 2021, to January 1, 2024) was used as an illustrative example.
RESULTS: Overall, 98.3% (302/307) of pharmacies in the cohort returned at least 1 dispense record during the study period and were therefore classified as reporting pharmacies. Among 3404 orders, 2616 (76.9%) had a recorded dispense.
CONCLUSIONS: EHR-integrated pharmacy data provide a feasible, timely proxy for assessing medication adherence. This tutorial provides a scalable framework for linking EHR and pharmacy data for medication adherence studies, while highlighting key methodological considerations for SQL coding.