Pyrolysis of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel Waste: A Route to Bio-Oil and Value-Added Chemicals.

This study explores the pyrolysis of yellow passion fruit peel, focusing on bio-oil yields and the chemical characterization of the resulting products under different temperature conditions of biomass drying (373, 378, and 423 K). The liquid product obtained from the pyrolysis process was analyzed using NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS, revealing that acidic groups, ketones, and aromatic compounds predominate in the bio-oil, while alcohols were present in smaller amounts. The effective diffusivity (Deff) of moisture during drying was low, suggesting that moisture moves slowly through the peel, which may contribute to the formation of distinct phases in the bio-oil. The obtained diffusivity and activation energy values indicate that moisture transport during drying was diffusion-controlled rather than reaction-controlled. The bio-oil composition analysis showed that high-temperature drying conditions (C) maximized bio-oil yield. The findings suggest that controlled drying of yellow passion fruit peels around 423 K with 1 h of biomass drying optimizes bio-oil production, offering valuable insights for sustainable biomass conversion to bio-oil.