Exploring the Cognitive Phenotypes of Implementation Barriers to Analgesia and Sedation Management Among ICU Nurses: A Q Methodology Study.

BACKGROUND

Despite the importance of "analgesia-first" guidelines in intensive care units (ICUs), clinical implementation remains suboptimal due to systemic pressures and subjective dilemmas. However, it remains unclear how ICU nurses comparatively prioritize competing implementation barriers and whether shared patterns of viewpoints exist.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore shared patterns of ICU nurses' subjective viewpoints regarding barriers to analgesia and sedation management using Q methodology.

METHODS

A Q methodology study was conducted from April 7 to May 7, 2026. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) informed development of the 50-statement Q-set and was subsequently used as an interpretive framework after factor extraction. Thirty purposively sampled ICU nurses completed the Q-sort and brief postsort interviews. By-person factor analysis was used to identify shared viewpoint patterns.

RESULTS

Three factors were identified, explaining 52.46% of the cumulative variance. Factor 1, "Professionally Confident and Responsibility-Driven," emphasized professional responsibility, confidence in analgesia and sedation management, and standardized, guideline-informed practice. Factor 2, "Experience-Driven with Perceived Organizational Support Gaps," emphasized experiential clinical judgment alongside perceived limitations in previous formal preparation, departmental prioritization, and physician-nurse consensus. Factor 3, "Systemically Isolated and Communication-Restricted," highlighted communication-related and contextual barriers, including perceived discrepancies between nurse and physician observations, handover discontinuities, environmental constraints, and patient/family-related influences. As Factor 3 was defined by only two participants, this viewpoint should be considered preliminary. CFIR-informed interpretation indicated that the three viewpoints reflected different configurations of implementation influences at the individual, organizational, interprofessional, and contextual levels.

CONCLUSION

The identified heterogeneity in viewpoints suggests that uniform implementation approaches may not fully address the different barriers perceived by ICU nurses. Nursing leaders could consider strategies that are responsive to the implementation influences emphasized across different viewpoints, while the preliminary Factor 3 findings require confirmation in larger and more diverse samples.