Disability and rehabilitation · 2026
Thumbs-out classification: a novel tool for detection of thumb-in- palm deformity in children and youth with cerebral palsy.
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Hedberg Graff Jenny, Krumlinde-Sundholm Lena, Granström Fredrik, Blaszczyk Izabela, Nordell Sara, Nicklasson Susanne, Arner Marianne
Аннотация
PURPOSE: To develop a simple screening tool, the Thumbs-Out Classification (TOC), for detecting thumb-in-palm deformity during clinical follow-ups of children with cerebral palsy (CP), and to evaluate its reliability.
METHODS: The TOC was developed through expert consensus and consists of three levels of radial thumb abduction: normal (green), slightly reduced (yellow), and severely reduced (red). Classification cut-offs were established using goniometric measurements from 20 typically developing children. These cut-offs were then applied to classify active and passive radial thumb abduction in 61 children with CP (median age 9 years). Inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability were assessed using Cohen's weighted kappa (κw) and percentage agreement.
RESULTS: Agreement between goniometric measurements and TOC levels was moderate for both active (κw = 0.59) and passive (κw = 0.54) radial abduction, with substantial percentage agreement (79% and 81%, respectively). Inter-rater reliability was almost perfect for active (κw = 0.93) and passive (κw = 0.89) radial abduction. Test-retest reliability was also almost perfect (active κw = 0.84; passive κw = 0.93).
CONCLUSIONS: The TOC is a reliable screening tool for monitoring thumb positioning in children with CP. It may facilitate detection of thumb-in-palm deformity and support timely interventions aimed at optimising hand function.
METHODS: The TOC was developed through expert consensus and consists of three levels of radial thumb abduction: normal (green), slightly reduced (yellow), and severely reduced (red). Classification cut-offs were established using goniometric measurements from 20 typically developing children. These cut-offs were then applied to classify active and passive radial thumb abduction in 61 children with CP (median age 9 years). Inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability were assessed using Cohen's weighted kappa (κw) and percentage agreement.
RESULTS: Agreement between goniometric measurements and TOC levels was moderate for both active (κw = 0.59) and passive (κw = 0.54) radial abduction, with substantial percentage agreement (79% and 81%, respectively). Inter-rater reliability was almost perfect for active (κw = 0.93) and passive (κw = 0.89) radial abduction. Test-retest reliability was also almost perfect (active κw = 0.84; passive κw = 0.93).
CONCLUSIONS: The TOC is a reliable screening tool for monitoring thumb positioning in children with CP. It may facilitate detection of thumb-in-palm deformity and support timely interventions aimed at optimising hand function.