Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026
The value of terahertz three-dimensional tomography for the differential diagnosis of tumor tissue and normal tissue in lung cancer nude mice.
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Zhu Jin, Li Yang, Zhang Xiaoxue, Yin Siqi, Xu Juntai, Yu Zhuang, Ren Shengnan, Guo Zhaoxin, Zhai Dongwei, Li Chuan
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: To investigate the value of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy combined with gold nanorods (GNRs) in the differential diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).
METHODS: Tumor-bearing nude mouse models were established using GNR-treated A549 (LUAD) and NCI-H520 (LUSC) cells. Reflective THz 3D imaging and transmission THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) systems, together with CT imaging and pathological validation, were employed to analyze the THz spectral characteristics of in vivo tumors, paraffin-embedded tissues, and thin sections.
RESULTS: CCK-8 and live/dead staining supported the biocompatibility of 40 μg/mL GNRs under the tested conditions. In vivo THz imaging showed higher tumor-region signals in the GNR-treated groups. At 0.5 THz, the model-specific tumor-to-adjacent skin/subcutaneous ROI contrast ratio in the LUSC group was 36:1 after GNR treatment and 22:1 in the untreated control; The contrast ratio of the GNR-treated LUSC group is 25:1, while that of the untreated control group is 19:1. Among the tested frequency bands, 0.5 THz provided the clearest image contrast. Contrast decreased markedly in paraffin-embedded tissues (approximately 2:1), and spectral differences in routine 5 μm human sections were obscured by the glass substrate. These findings support proof-of-concept signal enhancement in a subcutaneous xenograft model but do not establish a clinical tumor-to-normal-lung contrast ratio.
DISCUSSION: Under the tested conditions, GNR treatment was associated with higher THz signals in subcutaneous LUSC and LUAD xenografts. The mechanism and clinical performance remain unestablished; the approach should be regarded as proof-of-concept and as a potential complement to, rather than a replacement for, standard histopathology.
METHODS: Tumor-bearing nude mouse models were established using GNR-treated A549 (LUAD) and NCI-H520 (LUSC) cells. Reflective THz 3D imaging and transmission THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) systems, together with CT imaging and pathological validation, were employed to analyze the THz spectral characteristics of in vivo tumors, paraffin-embedded tissues, and thin sections.
RESULTS: CCK-8 and live/dead staining supported the biocompatibility of 40 μg/mL GNRs under the tested conditions. In vivo THz imaging showed higher tumor-region signals in the GNR-treated groups. At 0.5 THz, the model-specific tumor-to-adjacent skin/subcutaneous ROI contrast ratio in the LUSC group was 36:1 after GNR treatment and 22:1 in the untreated control; The contrast ratio of the GNR-treated LUSC group is 25:1, while that of the untreated control group is 19:1. Among the tested frequency bands, 0.5 THz provided the clearest image contrast. Contrast decreased markedly in paraffin-embedded tissues (approximately 2:1), and spectral differences in routine 5 μm human sections were obscured by the glass substrate. These findings support proof-of-concept signal enhancement in a subcutaneous xenograft model but do not establish a clinical tumor-to-normal-lung contrast ratio.
DISCUSSION: Under the tested conditions, GNR treatment was associated with higher THz signals in subcutaneous LUSC and LUAD xenografts. The mechanism and clinical performance remain unestablished; the approach should be regarded as proof-of-concept and as a potential complement to, rather than a replacement for, standard histopathology.