A dynamically frustrated allosteric checkpoint consistent with conformational proofreading in CRISPR-Cas9.

CRISPR-Cas9 DNA cleavage requires R-loop extension to activate the histidine-asparagine-histidine (HNH) nuclease domain, yet how heteroduplex maturation gates catalytic commitment remains unclear. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations across seven experimentally trapped heteroduplex states (6-18 nt), we define a three-stage activation pathway: unlocking, preorganization, and precatalytic gating. At the 18-nt checkpoint, HNH and REC2 regain mobility but do not adopt a fully cleavage-competent orientation; this dynamically frustrated metastate is consistent with a conformational-proofreading model. Here, dynamic frustration is used operationally to describe renewed mobility and weakened directional coupling without commitment to the cleavage-competent state, rather than a formal energetic frustration calculation. Two sensors, Y450 at the sgRNA: DNA hybrid interface and K1200 in the PI domain, respond to distinct maturation milestones, encoding heteroduplex length into domain-specific conformational outputs. Integrating these insights with two deep-learning analyses and deep mutational scanning recovers known high-fidelity positions and prioritizes three unannotated residues for testing. In a cellular cleavage reporter assay, R1210D reproduces the attenuated low-completion phenotype of eSpCas9, identifying it as a candidate for direct specificity testing, while destabilizing L1-linker substitutions increase cleavage efficiency. These results connect atomic-level dynamics to experimentally testable, structure-mechanism-informed engineering hypotheses; direct matched-versus mismatched validation is required to establish effects on discrimination fidelity.