3D bioprinting in dermatological therapeutics: Technologies, applications, and clinical perspectives.

With the emergence of 3D bioprinting, the biofabrication of artificial skin has become possible through the precise arrangement of cells that can imitate the complexities of the skin tissue structure and functions. The current paper reviews concepts on skin drug delivery, paying special attention to the impact of skin physiology, barriers, and design of formulations on clinical performance. 3D printing technology refers to the diversity of technologies that transform computer-based designs into physical objects. Several of these techniques have been investigated for the fabrication of delivery systems and for surface functionalization through drug-loaded coatings. Biomedical applications of 3D bioprinting encompass burn management, accelerated wound healing, disease modeling, alopecia treatment through follicle regeneration, insulin delivery via microneedle systems and targeted anticancer therapies. With the incorporation of 3D bioprinting into the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors, it is now possible to manufacture customized skin care products. The review also examines the clinical significance and toxicological considerations associated with 3D-printed constructs, along with current regulatory frameworks governing their translation to clinical practice. Addressing these regulatory and translational barriers will be necessary to achieve clinical translation and commercialization of 3D-bioprinted skin constructs, accelerating next-generation personalized therapeutic and cosmetic applications.