Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Biotransformation and metabolite formation of lavender (Lavandula officinalis) flower infusion by human gut microbiota.
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Dolzhko Diana, Markowski Michał, Fabjanowicz Magdalena, Popowski Dominik, Kruk Aleksandra, Piwowarski Jakub P, Granica Sebastian
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lavandula officinalis has been traditionally used for its calming, digestive, and antimicrobial properties. Historically, its flowers were employed in baths, perfumes, medicinal preparations, and as a mild laxative. Today, lavender infusions are widely consumed in beverages and functional foods for their aroma and potential health benefits. Despite its popularity, little is known about how lavender infusions interact with human gut microbiota and influence the biotransformation of their polyphenolic compounds.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to chemically characterize a commercially available lavender flower infusion and to investigate its interaction with human gut microbiota in an ex vivo setting, focusing on polyphenol biotransformation and changes in microbial composition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lavender extract was incubated with the human gut microbiota from six healthy donors. The composition of the extract and the identification of metabolites following incubation with ex vivo gut microbiota were conducted using UHPLC-DAD-IT-MS. Quantitative analysis of Z-melilotoside and Z-4-methoxymelilotoside was performed by HPLC-DAD using a Shimadzu system. The principal compounds isolated by preparative HPLC were identified based on their NMR spectra. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and examined by amplification sequencing of the 16S rDNA to determine changes in bacterial composition.
RESULTS: The UHPLC-DAD-IT-MS identified 31 polyphenolic compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides, several of which have been reported for the first time in lavender. Ex vivo incubation revealed microbial metabolism producing coumarin, herniarin, E-o-coumaric acid, E-4-methoxy-o-coumaric acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Quantitative analysis showed that a 250 mL serving of LOI contained 24.88 ± 1.41 mg of Z-melilotoside and 24.26 ± 1.77 mg of Z-4-methoxymelilotoside, corresponding to estimated coumarin and herniarin yields of 11.15 ± 0.63 mg and 11.99 ± 0.79 mg, respectively, assuming complete conversion. LOI treatment was not associated with major alterations in the overall microbial community structure and was associated with changes in the relative abundance of taxa, including Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Mediterraneibacter.
CONCLUSION: Lavender flower infusion is extensively transformed by the human gut microbiota, forming metabolites with potential biological relevance. Assuming complete conversion, the estimated coumarin exposure from a 250 mL serving of the infusion would be approximately 1.9-fold higher than the tolerable daily intake for a 60 kg adult. For herniarin, no tolerable daily intake has been established, highlighting the need for further studies on its safety.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to chemically characterize a commercially available lavender flower infusion and to investigate its interaction with human gut microbiota in an ex vivo setting, focusing on polyphenol biotransformation and changes in microbial composition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lavender extract was incubated with the human gut microbiota from six healthy donors. The composition of the extract and the identification of metabolites following incubation with ex vivo gut microbiota were conducted using UHPLC-DAD-IT-MS. Quantitative analysis of Z-melilotoside and Z-4-methoxymelilotoside was performed by HPLC-DAD using a Shimadzu system. The principal compounds isolated by preparative HPLC were identified based on their NMR spectra. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and examined by amplification sequencing of the 16S rDNA to determine changes in bacterial composition.
RESULTS: The UHPLC-DAD-IT-MS identified 31 polyphenolic compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides, several of which have been reported for the first time in lavender. Ex vivo incubation revealed microbial metabolism producing coumarin, herniarin, E-o-coumaric acid, E-4-methoxy-o-coumaric acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Quantitative analysis showed that a 250 mL serving of LOI contained 24.88 ± 1.41 mg of Z-melilotoside and 24.26 ± 1.77 mg of Z-4-methoxymelilotoside, corresponding to estimated coumarin and herniarin yields of 11.15 ± 0.63 mg and 11.99 ± 0.79 mg, respectively, assuming complete conversion. LOI treatment was not associated with major alterations in the overall microbial community structure and was associated with changes in the relative abundance of taxa, including Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Mediterraneibacter.
CONCLUSION: Lavender flower infusion is extensively transformed by the human gut microbiota, forming metabolites with potential biological relevance. Assuming complete conversion, the estimated coumarin exposure from a 250 mL serving of the infusion would be approximately 1.9-fold higher than the tolerable daily intake for a 60 kg adult. For herniarin, no tolerable daily intake has been established, highlighting the need for further studies on its safety.