Driving-related musculoskeletal disorders among occupational two and three-wheeler drivers of West Bengal, India: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives. Driving-related musculoskeletal disorders (DMSDs) are common among occupational drivers due to prolonged sitting, awkward posture, repetitive movements and whole-body vibration. However, evidence regarding DMSDs from West Bengal is scanty. The present study aimed to evaluate DMSD prevalence and associated occupational factors in two and three-wheeler drivers of West Bengal, India. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 138 occupational two-wheeler drivers (TW), auto drivers (AD) and tuktuk drivers (TD) assessed demographic characteristics and musculoskeletal symptoms using a standard questionnaire. The physical parameters were measured and musculoskeletal discomfort was compared across driver groups. Results. DMSDs were prevalent among AD (86.96%), TD (69.57%) and TW (67.39%), with the lower back most affected. AD reported greater lower back, shoulder, neck and wrist symptoms, while TD showed higher wrist and ankle/foot symptoms. Driving experience was significantly associated with the musculoskeletal symptoms. Prolonged static posture, repetitive upper-limb activity, inadequate seat ergonomics, extended working hours and road-induced vibration were potential risk factors. Conclusion. Occupational drivers experienced substantial burden of DMSDs, especially AD. Targeted ergonomic interventions addressing seat design, vibration exposure, rest breaks and posture awareness are warranted to reduce musculoskeletal risks and improve occupational health outcomes.